Alternative uses of Cellulose, Starch, and Chitosan-based Hydrogels: Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Amiri, F., Kabiri, K., Bouhendi, H., Abdollahi, H., Najafi, V., & Karami, Z. (2019). High gel-strength hybrid hydrogels based on modified starch through surface cross-linking technique. Polymer Bulletin, 76(8), 4047–4068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2593-6

Andrade del Olmo, J., Alonso, J. M., Sáez-Martínez, V., Benito-Cid, S., Moreno-Benítez, I., Bengoa-Larrauri, M., Pérez-González, R., Vilas-Vilela, J. L., & Pérez-Álvarez, L. (2022). Self-healing, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory chitosan-PEG hydrogels for ulcerated skin wound healing and drug delivery. Biomaterials Advances, 139, 212992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212992

Arayaphan, J., Maijan, P., Boonsuk, P., & Chantarak, S. (2021). Synthesis of photodegradable cassava starch-based double network hydrogel with high mechanical stability for effective removal of methylene blue. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 168, 875–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.166

Azimov, A., Bolysbek, A., Iztleuov, G., Ashirbayev, Z., Amirbekova, E., & Duissebayev, S. (2025). Development and Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Hydrogels With Controlled Moisture Release for Smart Packaging Materials. Polymer Engineering and Science, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.70053

Bello, K., Sarojini, B. K., & Narayana, B. (2019). Design and fabrication of environmentally benign cellulose based hydrogel matrix for selective adsorption of toxic dyes from industrial effluvia. Journal of Polymer Research, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-019-1724-6

Boccia, A. C., Pulvirenti, A., Cerruti, P., Silvetti, T., & Brasca, M. (2024). Antimicrobial starch-based cryogels and hydrogels for dual-active food packaging applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 342, 122340. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2024.122340

Bora, A., & Karak, N. (2022). Starch and itaconic acid-based superabsorbent hydrogels for agricultural application. European Polymer Journal, 176(May), 111430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111430

Chamorro, A. F., Palencia, M., & Arrieta, Á. A. (2024). Development of High-Efficiency Fertilizer by Hydrogels Obtained from Cassava Starch and Citric Acid for Slow Release of Ammonium and Potassium. Gels, 10(7), 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/GELS10070434

Chen, M., An, X., Zhao, F., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhang, M., & Lu, A. (2025). Boosting Sensitivity of Cellulose Pressure Sensor via Hierarchically Porous Structure. Nano-Micro Letters, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40820-025-01718-Z

Cuenot, S., Gélébart, P., Sinquin, C., Colliec-Jouault, S., & Zykwinska, A. (2022). Mechanical relaxations of hydrogels governed by their physical or chemical crosslinks. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 133, 105343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105343

Das, S. K., & Ghosh, G. K. (2022). Hydrogel-biochar composite for agricultural applications and controlled release fertilizer: A step towards pollution free environment. Energy, 242, 122977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122977

Ding, F., Fu, L., Huang, X., Shi, J., Povey, M., & Zou, X. (2025). Self-healing carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel with anthocyanin for monitoring the spoilage of flesh foods. Food Hydrocolloids, 165, 111270. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODHYD.2025.111270

Dziadek, M., Dziadek, K., Salagierski, S., Drozdowska, M., Serafim, A., Stancu, I. C., Szatkowski, P., Kopec, A., Rajzer, I., Douglas, T. E. L., & Cholewa-Kowalska, K. (2022). Newly crosslinked chitosan- and chitosan-pectin-based hydrogels with high antioxidant and potential anticancer activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 290, 119486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119486

Eghbali, H., Sadeghi, M., noroozi, M., & Movahedifar, F. (2023). Vanillin crosslinked 3D porous chitosan hydrogel for biomedicine applications: Preparation and characterization. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 145, 106044. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMBBM.2023.106044

Eivazzadeh-Keihan, R., Radinekiyan, F., Maleki, A., Salimi Bani, M., Hajizadeh, Z., & Asgharnasl, S. (2019). A novel biocompatible core-shell magnetic nanocomposite based on cross-linked chitosan hydrogels for in vitro hyperthermia of cancer therapy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 140, 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.031

El-saied, H. A. aidy, & El-Fawal, E. M. (2021). Green superabsorbent nanocomposite hydrogels for high-efficiency adsorption and photo-degradation/reduction of toxic pollutants from waste water. Polymer Testing, 97, 107134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107134

Fan, X., Wang, X., Cai, Y., Xie, H., Han, S., & Hao, C. (2022). Functionalized cotton charcoal/chitosan biomass-based hydrogel for capturing Pb2+, Cu2+ and MB. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 423, 127191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127191

Feng, Q., Luo, Y., Liang, M., Cao, Y., Wang, L. S., Liu, C., Zhang, X., Ren, L., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xiao, B., & Li, N. (2025). Rhizobacteria protective hydrogel to promote plant growth and adaption to acidic soil. Nature Communications, 16(1), 1684. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56988-3

Fu, L. H., Qi, C., Ma, M. G., & Wan, P. (2019). Multifunctional cellulose-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7(10), 1541–1562. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02331j

Godiya, C. B., Revadekar, C., Kim, J., & Park, B. J. (2022). Amine-bilayer-functionalized cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogel for the efficient uptake of hazardous metal cations and catalysis in polluted water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 436, 129112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129112

Han, D., Zhao, H., Gao, L., Qin, Z., Ma, J., Han, Y., & Jiao, T. (2021). Preparation of carboxymethyl chitosan/phytic acid composite hydrogels for rapid dye adsorption in wastewater treatment. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 628, 127355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127355

Hoang, H. T., Vu, T. T., Karthika, V., Jo, S. H., Jo, Y. J., Seo, J. W., Oh, C. W., Park, S. H., & Lim, K. T. (2022). Dual cross-linked chitosan/alginate hydrogels prepared by Nb-Tz ‘click’ reaction for pH responsive drug delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers, 288, 119389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119389

Huang, L., Han, X., Mo, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, Y., Huang, C., & Duan, Q. (2023). Preparation and properties of modified cassava starch slow-release hydrogel with acid and alkali resistance. Industrial Crops and Products, 206, 117699. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2023.117699

Huang, Y. L., & Wang, D. M. (2023). Characterization of Composite Film of Gelatin and Squid Pen Chitosan Obtained by High Hydrostatic Pressure. Polymers, 15(7), 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM15071608

Iqbal, D. N., Tariq, Z., Philips, B., Sadiqa, A., Ahmad, M., Al-Ahmary, K. M., Ali, I., & Ahmed, M. (2024). Nanocellulose/wood ash-reinforced starch–chitosan hydrogel composites for soil conditioning and their impact on pea plant growth. RSC Advances, 14(13), 8652–8664. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA08725E

Istiqomah, A., Prasetyo, W. E., Firdaus, M., & Kusumaningsih, T. (2022). Valorisation of lemongrass essential oils onto chitosan-starch film for sustainable active packaging: Greatly enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 210, 669–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.223

Jenisha, S., Subhapriya, P., Lakshmi Priya, A., Murali Krishnan, M., & Dhanapal, V. (2024). Optimization, experimental and theoretical investigation of modified guar-gum and poly(acrylic acid) based smart hydrogel for controlled release applications in the agricultural field. Materials Today Communications, 41, 110748. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MTCOMM.2024.110748

Jian, J., Xie, Y., Gao, S., Sun, Y., Lai, C., Wang, J., Wang, C., Chu, F., & Zhang, D. (2022). A skin-inspired biomimetic strategy to fabricate cellulose enhanced antibacterial hydrogels as strain sensors. Carbohydrate Polymers, 294, 119760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119760

Jiang, X., Zeng, F., Yang, X., Jian, C., Zhang, L., Yu, A., & Lu, A. (2022). Injectable self-healing cellulose hydrogel based on host-guest interactions and acylhydrazone bonds for sustained cancer therapy. Acta Biomaterialia, 141, 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.036

Kadri, H. J., Ahmed, F., Rahman, M. H., & Mondal, M. I. H. (2025). Synthesis and characterisation of starch-g-polyacrylamide-co-polylactic acid hydrogel for the potential wound dressing application. Polymer Bulletin, 82(13), 7917–7941. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00289-025-05840-1

Kadry, G., & El-Gawad, H. A. (2023). Rice straw derived cellulose-based hydrogels synthesis and applications as water reservoir system. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 253, 127058. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2023.127058

Karkhani, R., & Javanbakht, V. (2022). A polyurethane foam membrane filled with double cross-linked chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose gel and decorated with ZSM-5 nano zeolite: Simultaneous dye removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 213, 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.120

Kassem, I., Ablouh, E. H., El Bouchtaoui, F. Z., Kassab, Z., Hannache, H., Sehaqui, H., & El Achaby, M. (2022). Biodegradable all-cellulose composite hydrogel as eco-friendly and efficient coating material for slow-release MAP fertilizer. Progress in Organic Coatings, 162, 106575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106575

Khosravi, N., Youseftabar-miri, L., Divsar, F., Hallajian, S., & Hafezi, K. (2022). Development and evaluation of chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogel composite containing gabapentin for in vitro controlled release. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1270, 133934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133934

Kim, R. E., Koo, E. Y., Kim, E. Y., Shin, S. Y., Park, S. A., Huh, K. M., & Kim, M. K. (2025). Injectable glycol chitosan thermogel loaded with placental mesenchymal stem cells secretome for enhanced wound healing and tissue regeneration. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 254, 114851. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2025.114851

Kobryń, J., Witkowska, A., Raszewski, B., Zięba, T., & Musiał, W. (2025). Modified starch as a new co-excipient in hydrophilic gels for prolonged drug delivery. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 19255. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-025-88179-X

Kongseng, P., Amornpitoksuk, P., & Chantarak, S. (2022). Development of multifunctional hydrogel composite based on poly(vinyl alcohol-g-acrylamide) for removal and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 172, 105207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105207

Li, B., Zhu, X., Xu, C., Yu, J., Zhang, X., & Fan, Y. (2025). Facile surface modification of cellulose nanofiber with “cross-linkable” internal alkene by syringaldehyde in aqueous medium towards mechanically robust nanocomposite hydrogels. Carbohydrate Polymers, 367, 124026. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2025.124026

Li, P., Zhou, M., Liu, H., Lei, H., Jian, B., & Liu, R. (2022). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Preparation of green magnetic hydrogel from soybean residue cellulose for effective and rapid removal of copper ions from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(5), 108213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108213

Liao, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, X., Yang, W., He, F., Jiang, Z., Chen, N., Zhou, Y., & Li, Y. (2025). Shape-Stable, Phase Change Composite Hydrogel for Solar Thermal Energy Storage and Electrothermal Conversion. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 7(7), 4584–4595. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSAPM.5C00340

Lin, Q., Li, H., Ji, N., Dai, L., Xiong, L., & Sun, Q. (2021). Self-healing, stretchable, and freezing-resistant hydroxypropyl starch-based double-network hydrogels. Carbohydrate Polymers, 251, 116982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116982

Lin, Z., Huang, R., Wu, J., Penkova, A., Qi, W., He, Z., & Su, R. (2022). Injectable self-healing nanocellulose hydrogels crosslinked by aluminum: Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanofibrils. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 50, 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2022.04.026

Lin, Z., Li, F., Liu, X., & Su, J. (2023). Preparation of corn starch/acrylic acid/itaconic acid ion exchange hydrogel and its adsorption properties for copper and lead ions in wastewater. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 671, 131668. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2023.131668

Lipatova, I. M., Yusova, A. A., & Makarova, L. I. (2022). Functional films based on mechanoactivated starch with prolonged release of preservative. Food Bioscience, 47, 101694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101694

Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. F., Tang, J., Tan, Y., Lei, H., Li, Y., Huang, P., & Li, Y. (2022). Efficient removal and recycle of acid blue 93 dye from aqueous solution by acrolein crosslinked chitosan hydrogel. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 632, 127825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127825

Lv, H., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Meng, W., Han, X., & Pu, J. (2022). Fluorescent cellulose-based hydrogel with carboxymethyl cellulose and carbon quantum dots for information storage and fluorescent anti-counterfeiting. Cellulose, 29(11), 6193–6204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04643-1

Ma, J., Zhu, J., Zhou, S., Zhao, C., Liu, C., Xin, Z., Cai, J., He, J., Feng, P., Guo, L., & Tao, X. (2025). Multifunctional starch-based conductive hydrogels for smart sensors and flexible supercapacitors. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 302, 140430. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2025.140430

Mahmoud, M., Mohamed, A. K., & Salam, M. A. (2021). Self-decoration of N-doped graphene oxide 3-D hydrogel onto magnetic shrimp shell biochar for enhanced removal of hexavalent chromium. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 408, 124951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124951

Majeed, N., Shah, N., Hameed, A., Shah, M., Gul, H., Ullah, N., Rehan, T., Elodemi, M., Ogaly, H. A., Khan, A., & Al-Harrasi, A. (2025). Synthesis and characterization of multifunctional chitosan-grafted hydrogel for controlled drug delivery and electrochemical applications. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 107, 106770. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDDST.2025.106770

Maroufi, L. Y., Tabibiazar, M., Ghorbani, M., & Jahanban-Esfahlan, A. (2021). Fabrication and characterization of novel antibacterial chitosan/dialdehyde guar gum hydrogels containing pomegranate peel extract for active food packaging application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 187, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.126

Nguyen, H. T., Phuong, V. N., Van, T. N., Thi, P. N., Dinh Thi Lan, P., Pham, H. T., & Cao, H. T. (2020). Low-cost hydrogel derived from agro-waste for veterinary antibiotic removal: Optimization, kinetics, and toxicity evaluation. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 20, 101098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101098

Ngwabebhoh, F. A., Zandraa, O., Patwa, R., Saha, N., Capáková, Z., & Saha, P. (2021). Self-crosslinked chitosan/dialdehyde xanthan gum blended hypromellose hydrogel for the controlled delivery of ampicillin, minocycline and rifampicin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 167, 1468–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.100

Pan, W., Dai, C., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Gong, L., Machuki, J. O. achwa, Yang, Y., Qiu, S., Guo, K., & Gao, F. (2020). PRP-chitosan thermoresponsive hydrogel combined with black phosphorus nanosheets as injectable biomaterial for biotherapy and phototherapy treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomaterials, 239, 119851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119851

Pan, X., Li, Y., Pang, W., Xue, Y., Wang, Z., Jiang, C., Shen, C., Liu, Q., & Liu, L. (2022). Preparation, characterisation and comparison of glabridin-loaded hydrogel-forming microneedles by chemical and physical cross-linking. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 617, 121612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121612

Patil, G., Pawar, R., Jadhav, S., & Ghormade, V. (2022). A chitosan based multimodal “soft” hydrogel for rapid hemostasis of non-compressible hemorrhages and its mode of action. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 4, 100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100237

Pérez-Calderón, J., Santos, M. V., & Zaritzky, N. (2020). Synthesis, characterization and application of cross-linked chitosan/oxalic acid hydrogels to improve azo dye (Reactive Red 195) adsorption. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 155, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104699

Phatchayawat, P. P., Khamkeaw, A., Yodmuang, S., & Phisalaphong, M. (2022). 3D bacterial cellulose-chitosan-alginate-gelatin hydrogel scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 184, 108476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2022.108476

Qian, F., Han, Y., Han, Z., Zhang, D., Zhang, L., Zhao, G., Li, S., Jin, G., Yu, R., & Liu, H. (2021). In Situ implantable, post-trauma microenvironment-responsive, ROS Depletion Hydrogels for the treatment of Traumatic brain injury. Biomaterials, 270, 120675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120675

Radoor, S., Karayil, J., Jayakumar, A., Kandel, D. R., Kim, J. T., Siengchin, S., & Lee, J. (2024). Recent advances in cellulose- and alginate-based hydrogels for water and wastewater treatment: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 323, 121339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121339

Radoor, S., Kassahun, S. K., & Kim, H. (2024). Selective adsorption of cationic dye by κ-carrageenan-potato starch bio-hydrogel: Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 281, 136377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2024.136377

Ragab, A., El-Badry, N., Tamer, N., Naas, A., Hamdy, A., Tawakey, S. H., Hassan, A. H. A., & Salim, A. I. (2025). Biodegradable chitosan/PVA-based hydrogel incorporating green synthesized silver nanoparticles for wound healing applications. BMC Chemistry, 19(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13065-025-01564-5

Ren, J., Wang, X., Zhao, L., Li, M., & Yang, W. (2022). Double Network Gelatin/Chitosan Hydrogel Effective Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(5), 2007–2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02327-8

Ren, T., Peng, J., Yuan, H., Liu, Z., Li, Q., Ma, Q., Li, X., Guo, X., & Wu, Y. (2022). Nanocellulose-based hydrogel incorporating silver nanoclusters for sensitive detection and efficient removal of hexavalent chromium. European Polymer Journal, 175, 111343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111343

Roquero, D. M., & Katz, E. (2022). “Smart” alginate hydrogels in biosensing, bioactuation and biocomputing: State-of-the-art and perspectives. Sensors and Actuators Reports, 4, 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snr.2022.100095

Salehi, B., Zhang, B., Nowlin, K., Wang, L., & Shahbazi, A. (2024). A multifunctional cellulose- and starch-based composite hydrogel with iron-modified biochar particles for enhancing microalgae growth. Carbohydrate Polymers, 327, 121657. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2023.121657

Saraiva, N., Cavaco, G., Portela, R. P., Leal, C. R., Almeida, A. P. C., Sobral, R. G., & Almeida, P. L. (2022). Crosslinked bacterial cellulose hydrogels for biomedical applications. European Polymer Journal, 177, 111438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111438

Sarmah, D., Rather, M. A., Sarkar, A., Mandal, M., Sankaranarayanan, K., & Karak, N. (2023). Self-cross-linked starch/chitosan hydrogel as a biocompatible vehicle for controlled release of drug. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 237, 124206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2023.124206

Sharma, P., Sharma, M., Yadav, L., Agarwal, M., & Gupta, R. (2025). Sustainable solution for wastewater management: Fabrication of cost-effective β-cyclodextrin incorporated chitosan polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel film for the efficient adsorption of anionic congo red and tartrazine dyes. Separation and Purification Technology, 355, 129750. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2024.129750

Sima, H., Liu, B., Shi, X., & Zhang, C. (2025). CNT@CNF/MXene hydrogel with complete conductive network for flexible anti-freeze sensor and electromagnetic shielding. Carbohydrate Polymers, 366, 123825. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2025.123825

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2019.07.039

Song, Z., Ma, T., Zhi, X., & Du, B. (2021). Cellulosic films reinforced by chitosan-citric complex for meat preservation: Influence of nonenzymatic browning. Carbohydrate Polymers, 272, 118476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118476

Su, K., Guo, S., Yang, H., Zheng, W., Chen, X., Xu, G., Ang, S., Zhang, K., & Wu, P. (2022). Novel Metallo-hydrogels as a two-in-one agent with potent dyes removal and antimicrobial capacity. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 49, 100644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2022.100644

Sun, Z., Yin, Y., An, Y., Deng, C., Wei, Z., Jiang, Z., & Duan, X. (2022). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering A novel modified carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel adsorbent for efficient removal of poisonous metals from wastewater : Performance and mechanism. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(4), 108179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108179

Tanan, W., Panichpakdee, J., & Saengsuwan, S. (2019). Novel biodegradable hydrogel based on natural polymers: Synthesis, characterization, swelling/reswelling and biodegradability. European Polymer Journal, 112, 678–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.033

Tanan, W., Panichpakdee, J., Suwanakood, P., & Saengsuwan, S. (2021). Biodegradable hydrogels of cassava starch-g-polyacrylic acid/natural rubber/polyvinyl alcohol as environmentally friendly and highly efficient coating material for slow-release urea fertilizers. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 101, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.06.008

Tassanapukdee, Y., Prayongpan, P., & Songsrirote, K. (2021). Removal of heavy metal ions from an aqueous solution by CS/PVA/PVP composite hydrogel synthesized using microwaved-assisted irradiation. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 24, 101898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101898

Tekko, I. A., Chen, G., Domínguez-Robles, J., Thakur, R. R. S., Hamdan, I. M. N., Vora, L., Larrañeta, E., McElnay, J. C., McCarthy, H. O., Rooney, M., & Donnelly, R. F. (2020). Development and characterisation of novel poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)-based hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays for enhanced and sustained transdermal delivery of methotrexate. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 586, 119580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119580

Threepopnatkul, P., Sokjorhor, J., Homchan, P., & Khammee, W. (2022). Preparation of hydrogel with self-healing properties based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/corn starch/zeolite/cellulose nanocrystals for wound dressing applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 52, 2467–2473. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.10.432

Trung, T. S., Minh, N. C., Cuong, H. N., Phuong, P. T. D., Dat, P. A., Nam, P. V., & Hoa, N. Van. (2022). Valorization of fish and shrimp wastes to nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan biocomposite for wastewater treatment. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 7(4), 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2022.100485

Valipour, F., Rahimabadi, E. Z., & Rostamzad, H. (2023). Preparation and characterization of wound healing hydrogel based on fish skin collagen and chitosan cross-linked by dialdehyde starch. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 253, 126704. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2023.126704

Veiga, A., Ribeiro, V., Ramírez-Jiménez, R. A., Aguilar, M. R., Rojo, L., & Oliveira, A. L. (2025). Biofunctional silk sericin hydrogels: A versatile platform with potential for tissue healing and regeneration. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 255, 114916. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2025.114916

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