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Evaluación de Impactos Sociales del Proceso de Producción de Resina de PVC Mediante Análisis de Ciclo de Vida Social y Teoría del Cambio

10.24050/reia.v22i43.1790
Published 2025-01-16
Articles

Abstract

En este estudio se realiza una valoración de los impactos sociales de una planta de producción de policloruro de vinilo o PVC por suspensión usando una metodología híbrida que combina el análisis de ciclo de vida social y la teoría del cambio, considerando dos ubicaciones (Colombia y Bélgica). La metodología se basó en las guías UNEP/SETAC en la cual se utilizó información proveniente de informes corporativos y sectoriales complementada con información de bases de datos de organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales nacionales e internacionales. La teoría del cambio sirvió como base para seleccionar los indicadores. Además, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para observar cómo se ve afectado el desempeño del proceso cuando se varían los puntos de referencia de desempeño (PRD) y la unidad funcional. El análisis reveló una puntuación de desempeño social más alta para la planta localizada en Bélgica, sin embargo, ambas locaciones presentaron un desempeño positivo. Los indicadores estudiados mostraron que las plantas presentan un desempeño por encima de la conformidad (por arriba de 0,5) con respecto a los trabajadores, en parte por la regulación actual. Sin embargo, aspectos asociados a las comunidades y a la sociedad presentan un desempeño regular por impactos asociados al uso de los recursos naturales. Por otro lado, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad variando los puntos de referencia de desempeño (PRD) y la unidad funcional de 418.000 t/año a 500.000 t/año. El primer análisis indicó que cuando se compara el desempeño del proceso a metas basadas en objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS), el desempeño del proceso (para la planta colombiana) disminuye un 24%, pero se mantiene cerca de la conformidad (0,44). Los indicadores para las comunidades locales son los más afectados con una disminución hasta un 60%. Adicionalmente, por último, un aumento del flujo de proceso (unidad funcional) beneficia el desempeño social del proceso debido a un aumento de la fuerza laboral de la planta.

Keywords

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Authors

  • Eduardo Aguilar-Vásquez

    Colombia

  • Miguel Ramos-Olmos

    Colombia

  • Ángel Darío González Delgado

    Colombia

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